Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Pengenalan kapada perakaunan kos
- Amaun yang perlu dibayar untuk mendapatkan sesuatu barangan atau perkhidmatan.
- Kos pengeluaran – kos yang terlibat dalam proses pengeluaran.
- Diukur dalam unit wang yang mesti dibayar untuk mendapatkan barangan atau perkhidmatan.
- Atau disebut sebagai kos malar.
- Kos yang tidak berubah mengikut perubahan tingkat aktiviti pengeluaran.
- Contoh; sewa kilang, insurans kilang, susutnilai loji dan mesin, gaji pengurus.
- Jumlah kos tetap adalah sentiasa sama walaupun pengeluaran bertambah atau berkurang.
- Kos tetap seunit akan berubah mengikut volum pengeluaran (unit keluaran / unit jualan).
- Semakin tinggi volum pengeluaran , semakin rendah kos tetap seunit dan sebaliknya.
- Kos yang berubah secara berkadar terus dengan perubahan dalam tingkat pengeluaran.
- Jumlah kos berubah akan bertambah atau berkurang pada kadar yang sama dengan perubahan dalam tingkat pengeluaran.
- Kos berubah seunit adalah tetap jika ada berlaku perubahan dalam tingkat pengeluaran.
- Contoh; kos bahan mentah, kos buruh langsung, duti atas bahan mentah, belanja langsung kilang.
- Kos
- Bahan langsung atau bahan utama dalam proses pengeluaran.
- Kos Bahan Mentah = Stok Awal Bahan Mentah + Belian Bahan Mentah + Kos Yang Melibatkan Belian Bahan Mentah (Duti Atas Belian Bahan Mentah, Angkutan Atas Belian Bahan Mentah, Insurans Atas Belian Bahan Mentah) – Stok Akhir Bahan Mentah
- Akan meningkat sekiranya unit pengeluaran ditingkatkan dan sebaliknya.
- Kos buruh langsung
- Upah yang diberi kepada pekerja yang terlibat secara langsung dalam proses pengeluaran.
- Contoh; gaji kilang, upah kilang.
- Belanja Langsung
- Belanja yang turut berubah secara berkadar terus dengan volum pengeluaran.
- Contoh; bayaran royalti, kos reka bentuk produk dan kos pendaftaran paten.
- Kos Prima
- Kos Bahan Mentah + Kos Buruh Langsung + Belanja Langsung.
- Kos Overhed
- Kos yang tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam proses pengeluaran tetapi diperlukan untuk mengeluarkan output (meliputi semua kos pengeluaran yang bukan kos bahan dan juga bukan kos buruh langsung).
- Tidak berubah mengikut perubahan volum pengeluaran dalam jangka masa tertentu.
- Contoh;
a. Kos buruh tak langsung; gaji jurutera kilang, gaji penyelia kilang, gaji pengurus kilang dan gaji jaga kilang.
b. Bahan tak langsung; bahan api, minyak pelincir.
c. Sewa kilang.
d. Sewa loji dan mesin.
e. Susut nilai loji dan mesin.
f. Insurans kilang.
g. Pembaikan dan penyelenggaraan loji dan mesin.
h. Alat-alat kecil - perkakas-perkakas kecil yang digunakan untuk membaiki dan menyelenggara mesin dan loji di kilang; tukul, spana, nat, skru dan playar. ( Belanja Alat-alat Kecil = Stok Awal Alat-alat Kecil + Belian Alat-alat Kecil – Stok Akhir Alat-alat Kecil). - Kerja Dalam Proses
- Atau dikenali disebagai barang separuh siap.
- Barang yang telah diproses tetapi belum dapat disiapkan pada akhir tempoh perakaunan.
- Masih dalam beberapa pringkat pengeluaran.
- Akan dinilai dengan mengambil kira kos bahan mentah, kos buruh langsung dan kos overhed yang terlibat.
ANALISIS KOS VOLUM UNTUNG
Analisis tentang perhubungan antara KOS, VOLUM (kuantiti jualan) dan UNTUNG bagi sesuatu operasi
atau aktiviti pengeluaran sesebuah syarikat.
Formula:
- UNTUNG / (RUGI) = HASIL JUALAN -JUMLAH KOS
- JUMLAH KOS = KOS TETAP + KOS BERUBAH
- HASIL JUALAN = BILANGAN UNIT DIJUAL X HARGA JUALAN SEUNIT
- KOS BERUBAH = BILANGAN UNIT DIJUAL X KOS BERUBAH SEUNIT
• Satu tahap kuantiti pengeluaran apabila jumlah hasil jualan sama dengan jumlah kos.
• Volum pengeluaran yang tidak memberi sebarang untung atau rugi (Untung adalah SIFAR)
• Jumlah hasil hanya cukup untuk menampung kos.
Formula:
- JUMLAH HASIL JUALAN - JUMLAH KOS = 0
- JUMLAH HASIL JUALAN = JUMLAH KOS
Kegunaan Titik Pulang Modal
- Menentukan tahap volum jualan yang perlu dikeluarkan bagi mengelak kerugian.
- Mengetahui jumlah keuntungan atau kerugian pada tahap pengeluaran tertentu.
- Merancang pengeluaran untuk memperoleh untung yang disasarkan.
- Merancang pengeluaran dan jualan dengan mengkaji kesan ke atas titik pulang modal jika perubahan dibuat ke atas kos tetap, kos berubah seunit atau harga jualan seunit.
- merendahkan titik pulang modal dengan;
- Meningkatkan harga jualan.
- Mengurangkan kos tetap.
- Mengurangkan kos berubah seunit.
a. Kesan ke atas TPM jika;
- Kos tetap berubah
- Kos tetap bertambah, TPM bertambah dan sebaliknya.
- TPM berubah secara langsung dengan kos tetap
- Kos berubah seunit berubah
- Kos berubah seunit bertambah, margin caruman seunit akan berkurang dan TPM akan bertambah dan sebaliknya.
- Harga jualan seunit berubah
- Harga jualan seunit bertambah, margin caruman seunit akan bertambah dan TPM akan berkurang dan sebaliknya.
- Harga jualan seunit berubah
- Harga jualan seunit bertambah, margin caruman seunit akan bertambah dan TPM akan berkurang dan sebaliknya.
Monday, December 12, 2011
Photoshop Tutorials: Interview with Digital Artist Oana Cambrea plus 2 more
Photoshop Tutorials: Interview with Digital Artist Oana Cambrea plus 2 more | |
- Interview with Digital Artist Oana Cambrea
- How to Create a Surreal Traveling House Photo Manipulation in Photoshop
- Photoshop Video Tutorial: Tron-Inspired 3D Text
| Interview with Digital Artist Oana Cambrea Posted: 12 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST Oana Cambrea is a digital artist extraordinaire. She explores different thoughts and emotions and translates them into bizarre and intriguing works of art. She is known for the strange yet captivating characters that she incorporates in her work. Explore more of the inner workings of Oana's creative mind in this interview. Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/creative-inspirations/digital-art/interview-with-digital-artist-oana-cambrea.html) |
| How to Create a Surreal Traveling House Photo Manipulation in Photoshop Posted: 12 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST Create a fantasy photo manipulation of a floating house. This Photoshop tutorial will show you how to combine photos seamlessly with little effort to create this out-of-the-world image. You'll also learn how to give your house an uprooted look and enhance the lighting of the image for a grungy mystical look. Click to learn how! Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/photo-manipulation/how-to-create-a-surreal-traveling-house-photo-manipulation-in-photoshop.html) |
| Photoshop Video Tutorial: Tron-Inspired 3D Text Posted: 12 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST Create futuristic 3D text with a hypnotizing blue glow in Photoshop CS5 Extended. This tutorial will show you how to use Photoshop's repousse tool to create real 3D text, apply a blue glow, and finish it off with a grid background and bokeh effect. To follow this tutorial, you'll need Photoshop CS5 Extended (Not the regular version). Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/photoshop-video-tutorials/photoshop-video-tutorial-tron-inspired-3d-text.html) |
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Thursday, December 8, 2011
Photoshop Tutorials: Interview with Graphic Designer and Illustrator Pablo Alfieri plus 1 more
Photoshop Tutorials: Interview with Graphic Designer and Illustrator Pablo Alfieri plus 1 more | |
| Interview with Graphic Designer and Illustrator Pablo Alfieri Posted: 08 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST Pablo Alfieri is an amazing graphic designer and illustrator from Buenos Aires. His work creates a superb impact and inspiration to its viewers with burstings of colors and shapes. Find out more about Pablo's background, inspiration and learning process in this interview. Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/creative-inspirations/graphic-design/interview-with-graphic-designer-and-illustrator-pablo-alfieri.html) |
| How to Create an “Alice in Wonderland” Inspired Artwork with Photoshop Posted: 08 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST Alice in Wonderland is one of the most popular fantasy stories told all over the world! In this tutorial you will learn how to create a Wonderland inspired photomanipulation using masks, blending modes and adjustments. You'll be taken through using transform, warp and blur to create perspective and the effect of movement. Finally, a series of adjustments is applied to give the image a unified tone and style. Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/photo-manipulation/how-to-create-an-alice-in-wonderland-inspired-artwork-with-photoshop.html) |
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Monday, December 5, 2011
Photoshop Tutorials: Create a Minimalist Blog Layout in Photoshop plus 1 more
Photoshop Tutorials: Create a Minimalist Blog Layout in Photoshop plus 1 more | |
| Create a Minimalist Blog Layout in Photoshop Posted: 05 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST In this tutorial you will see how to create a minimal and clean blog layout using Photoshop. You will also learn some useful methods and practices for creating web layouts in Photoshop. Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/layouts/create-a-minimalist-blog-layout-in-photoshop.html) |
| Interview with Photographer Jonathan Ducruix Posted: 05 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST Jonathan Ducruix is a photographer with a degree in 2D and 3D graphics. He uses photography as a means to express himself, making his images truly a form of art. So hold on to your seats as we discover his creativity and talent through this interview. Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/creative-inspirations/photography/interview-with-photographer-jonathan-ducruix.html) |
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Thursday, December 1, 2011
Photoshop Tutorials: Interview with Graphic Designer and Illustrator Luca Molnar plus 1 more
Photoshop Tutorials: Interview with Graphic Designer and Illustrator Luca Molnar plus 1 more | |
| Interview with Graphic Designer and Illustrator Luca Molnar Posted: 01 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST This interview features graphic designer and illustrator Luca Molnar. Her style can be described as a mixture of futuristic elements combined with ancient symbols. This gives her work a distinct aesthetic that is truly inspiring. Read on and see more of Luca's work! Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/creative-inspirations/graphic-design/interview-with-graphic-designer-and-illustrator-luca-molnar.html) |
| How to Create a Deus-Ex Inspired Photo Manipulation with Photoshop Posted: 01 Dec 2011 12:00 AM PST In this tutorial you will be shown how to create a Deus EX inspired high-tech eyeball by using retouching techniques and creating a futuristic iris using Shape layers and Layer Styles. Read more... (http://photoshoptutorials.ws/photoshop-tutorials/photo-manipulation/how-to-create-a-deus-ex-inspired-photo-manipulation-with-photoshop.html) |
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